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Ground

Ground stratigraphy and structure

Characterisation of ground layers such as determining depth to rockhead and identification of faults and fissures.

Seismic methods can determine bedrock depth profile below a site to determine overburden thickness and features such as buried valleys. Typical applications include input to foundation design, planning construction works, pipeline route assessment, mineral exploration and earthquake engineering.

Seismic refraction of a pipeline interpreted seismic refraction

 

 

Seismic refraction survey of pipeline route in Oman: figure on left shows topographic section generated from velocity of P-waves, colour coded to show lowest velocities in red and highest in blue. The interpreted section on the right is based on both P- and S-waves and shows an upper layer of fine to medium sands, underlain by medium to dense sands, underlain by cemented sands and gravels, underlain by limestone.